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114 U. S. CIVIL AERONAUTICS AUTHORITY
 From a low altitude, forced landings due to complete engine failure present a very difficult problem. This is particularly true if the pilot has been careless or negligent in planning his fight path. Available power and altitude limit the amount of change of direction, as well as the gliding distance, and no hard and fast rule can be given for a definite procedure.
 Under such conditions, necessity requires that a field be selected from a relatively small area and that the selection be made immediately and accurately with regard to the angular distance the airplane can glide. 
 Wind direction and velocity should be considered if possible, but the main objective is to effect a safe landing in the largest and best field available. This means that getting on the ground in a normal landing position is the thing to be considered above all else. If necessity requires it, brakes or a ground loop can be used to slow the roll or miss obstructions. The lack of altitude will not allow any second choice, and any attempt to change the initial choice will be very apt to end in disaster. Even under ideal conditions a forced landing from a low altitude is likely to result in a minor mishap. Successful accomplishment largely depends on the quickness and accuracy with which the pilot sizes up the situation and puts his plan to execution. Next, his technique, if sound, will control and finally, the nature of the terrain. If he gets on the ground under control the airplane may suffer damage, but the occupants will get no worse than a shaking up.
 During the early stages of a student's training, any force landing from any altitude presents a very difficult problem to him, since he has not developed the perceptions that enable quick and accurate estimates of the factors involved. Since these perceptions are in the process of development, the ability displayed will be in direct proportion to his aptitude and the results of experience gained through power-off accuracy maneuvers.
Power-off accuracy maneuvers should be started with those types which are to be executed from relatively low altitudes in order that the student can see objects on the ground in their true proportion, and where the movement of the airplane is very apparent. As experience is gained the maneuvers may be worked up to those requiring higher altitudes. By first learning to see things as they are ad maneuver accordingly, the student will be able to estimate and make allowances for the difference between things as they appear and as they really are as he gains experience. 
 During the early stages of simulated forced-landing practice, it cannot be expected that the student will meet with much success, either as to judgment or technique. The main purpose of the practice is to instill a definite procedure in the reflexes of the student so that in the case of an actual forced landing he will automatically follow a mechanical procedure and will not "spin in." In addition, such practice will familiarize him with procedures to be used in case of an emergency while making a circuit of the airport. As he develops proficiency in accuracy power-off work, his judgment and technique in forced landings will improve proportion.
 The introduction of simulated forced landing from the relatively low altitude attained during the circuit of the field will also meet the requirements of sound instruction by being low enough to be within