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118 

U.S. CIVIL AERONAUTICS AUTHORITY

Violent maneuvering must be avoided. Such maneuvers not only distract the student's attention from the main objective by requiring too much attention to the controls and the airplane, but absolutely prevent the attainment of accuracy and the determination of errors in procedure.

The value of S turns and of the variation of the turn must be stressed, and these used instead of violent maneuvers.

Eagerness to "get down" is one of the most common faults of students during forced landings. In giving way to this desire, they forget about speed and arrive at the edge of the field with too much speed to permit a landing, even on a large airport. Too much speed may be just as dangerous as too little. It should be impressed on with modern aircraft, and the reasons why this cannot be accomplished should be thoroughly explained to him. 

During the maneuvering, the main objective, that of landing in the field, should not be forgotten. Some students may concentrate on arriving at the "key position" at the proper altitude and in the proper position to such an extent that the primary objective is lost. The intermediate maneuvering is merely a means to the end, that of successfully accomplishing the landing on the spot desired.

Unless the situation is dangerous and requires immediate action, the student will gain a better understanding of his errors and the correct procedures if corrections are made after he has completed his approach or landing, rather than at the time they were committed, since he will have a better basis for understanding by having seen the final result and also will not have his attention distracted from the main objective.

When the throttle is reopened by the instructor after the termination of the approach, when the landing is not be completed, no doubt should be allowed to exist in the student's mind as to who has the controls. Either instructor or student may have them, but it is important that the student understand who has them, since many near accidents have occurred from such a misunderstanding. 

When the student has progressed to the advanced stages of his training, the instructor should attempt to catch him unprepared as often as possible while not interfering too much with his other work. The principle of always having a field in mind cannot be overemphasized. If stimulated forced landings are given at a critical point during steep "eights," "lazy eights" or "chandelles," when intense concentration on some phase is required or is present, the student's preparedness can be readily checked and he will be taught valuable lessons as well if he is caught unprepared. 

The student should be taught to plan his take-off path so that no hazardous areas are crossed at an altitude insufficient to glide out of them. It is better to take off cross wind or, in some cases, even down wind than to face the hazards of some areas.

The planning of the flight path, quick accurate perceptions, good judgment, coolness, and positive decisions plus good technique in the handling the airplane of all forced landings, either real or simulated.