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126 U.S. CIVIL AERONAUTICS AUTHORITY 

time to permit the student to think of the manner in which he just completed his last turn, orient the airplane in relation to the next point, and compensate for wind drift in such a manner as to arrive at the next pylon at a point to the side the same distance from it as the point at which the turn around the first pylon was started.
The steepness of the initial bank will be a factor as well, since a shallow bank will require a large radius and consequently a greater distance between pylons, but as the initial bank is steepened the pylons can be selected proportionately closer, since the radius of the turn is decreased.
During early instruction and practice in these eights, the pylons should be selected far enough apart to allow the student plenty of time between turns to do his planning, make a survey of his errors, and estimate the proper procedure to eliminate them on the next eight. As proficiency develops the distance should be shortened to the normal for the initial bank used, and the student required to speed up his processes accordingly.
The steepness of the initial bank to be used will also determine the distance of the starting point from the side of the pylon, since the steepness of the bank controls the radius of the turn and, in this type of eight, the radius is to be equal all around the pylon. Therefore, the steeper the initial bank the closer the starting point must be to the pylon and vice versa.
Altitude, while a serious factor to be considered in eights on pylons (or pylon eights, as they are commonly called), is not so critical for eights around pylons. However, for the sake of understanding, approximately the same altitude should be used for both and the method of determining this altitude demonstrated to the student. This altitude will vary considerably with the type and speed of the airplane. If the eights are performed too low, too much attention must be given to terrain and ground objects, and if too high, orientation is difficult and the proper flight path hard to estimate and follow accurately. Eights around pylons are executed with a view to making a flight path over the ground equidistant from the pylon at all times during the turn.
To accomplish this, start the turn at the point selected at the side of one pylon so that the turn will be made into the wind. As the turn progresses the bank will have to be shallowed in order to maintain this flight path. Recovery must be started and finished at the proper time to insure, by straight flight, the arrival at the proper point at the second pylon to start a turn of the same radius or degree of bank around it, and so on for the series eights. 
This last requires fine judgement and estimation of drift, as no maneuvering or jockeying of the ship should be permitted in an attempt to arrive at the proper point for the start of the next turn. The student must be watched for any tendency to "crab" by use of the rudder alone. 
This maneuver is mainly a banking and planning maneuver the same as the other elementary eights. No part of the airplane is used as a sight.
If the wind is strong, the bank will have to be decreased considerably on the windward side in order to hold the same relative position to the pylon, and recovery may have to be made with the air-