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146   U. S. CIVIL AERONAUTICS AUTHORITY

crossroads, etc., to be reached at a certain altitude. This will result in a mechanical conception and leave the student at a total loss any time such objects are not present. Both altitude and geographical location must be varied as much as is consistent to eliminate any such conception.

It must be impressed upon the student that once the mechanics of landing are learned, he must no longer merely practice landings. He must continuously thereafter attempt to judge where he will land,

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WIND DIRECTION

KEY POSITION

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180° U TURNS FOR A LANDING

SHOWING METHOD OF JUDGING LANDING SPOT BY DEGREE OF BAND AND RADIUS OF TURN

FIGURE 20.

and constantly seek to correct his errors of judgement as well as errors of technique.

It must be borne in mind constantly, by both the student and the instructor, that too much speed during the glide will positively nullify any such efforts and prevent accurate estimation of the landing spot.

180° ACCURACY LANDINGS

In the execution of this maneuver the airplane is flown down wind directly over the spot, and the motor throttled at this position. The altitude from which they should be performed will vary with the type of ship, but it should never exceed 1,000 feet, except with very large aircraft. With most training-type airplanes, an altitude of 600 to 800 feet should be used. The lower the altitude the more accurate are the judgement and maneuvering required.

When the motor is throttled, a turn should be made which will carry the airplane to the "key position" from which the usual 90° approach is again executed. The degree of this initial turn will depend on the speed of the aircraft being used and the velocity of the wind. It will require fast and accurate maneuvering, as well as estimation of the gliding path. It helps bring out the amount of