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FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR'S MANUAL            159

(total) error for nearly 90 percent of the area of the United States is within one-half of 1 percent, an error quote negligible in practice.
The date of issue is printed in red in the lower left-hand corner of each aeronautical chart. Airport and airway changes subsequent to the date of printing are listed in the WEEKLY NOTICE TO AIRMEN, which should be on hand at the local airport. The above, and all available current notices signifying any dangerous or changed conditions, should be read and the chart affected suitably marked. Even then, whenever possible, the pilot should obtain local information as to the continued availability of facilities on the chart before using it. 
Too much emphasis cannot be placed upon the importance of knowing the chart to be used before taking off. There will probably not be sufficient time to space to spread it out and study it in the air. It is considered good practice to obtain charts well ahead of contemplated trips, so that the pilot may become well acquainted with them without having to rush. Any time spent learning charts will well repay either a student or any pilot later on. Charts of both series will be found very convenient for use in the air when properly folded. 
The chart should be ready for use before leaving the ground. The pilot should not make the mistake of waiting until after hs is in the air and has made all adjustments to the plane before taking it out of the map case. Too often he will find himself out of sight of the field and already in strange territory. This will cause him to miss the opportunity of taking an accurate departure, and is frequently liable to cause him to completely fail to note time of departure.
When no better facilities are available, some pilots place the chart under the safety belt, with the part to be used projecting. This allows the pilot-navigator to refer to the chart for a limited period without having to remove his hands from the controls. 
Preparations before departure involve attention to every detail, no matter how minor. the compass to be of any use must give accurate readings. to ensure this plane should be swung throughout 360 degrees to determine the error on every possible heading. After this is done the pilot should be sure that the correct deviation card is secured near the compass where he can see it. 
All preliminary navigation work should be carefully done ahead of time, in order to simplify the air work as much as possible. 
The following equipment is most desirable to carry in addition to the required charts: A ruler, dividers, protractor, pencils, note pads, and supplementary or auxiliary charts.
If the airplane is radio equipped, the pilot should inspect the installation to see that it is complete and that the necessary directions for its use are available With radio equipment the following should be carried:
1. Most recent copy of the monthly TABULATION OF AIR NAVIGATION RADIO AIDS, containing Civil Aeronautics Authority weather broadcast schedules, beam frequencies, beam station locations, and beam bearings. 
2. Copies of station calls, A-N procedure and "Z" signals, commercial code signals and procedure data, station broadcast schedules and frequencies guarded.