Viewing page 177 of 206

This transcription has been completed. Contact us with corrections.

174 U.S. CIVIL AERONAUTICS AUTHORITY
1. Failure to gain sufficient initial speed, which causes falling out of the top of a loop or an excessive dive resulting in an unsymmetrical eight. 
2. Watching the airplane instead of the points. 
3. Excessive dives. 
4. Improper planning so that the peaks of the loops, both above and below the horizon, do not come in the proper place. 
5. Attempts to hurry through the maneuver. 
6. Roughness on the controls, usually caused by attempts to counteract the results of poor planning. 
7. Slipping and skidding. 
8. Failure to make the portions of the loops above and below the horizon equal. 
These maneuvers lend themselves to a wide range of variation by which the instructor can perfect some particular phase of technique in which the student shows deficiency or eliminate some particular and undesirable tendency he may have developed. 
They may be executed with the axis point alone or even without this point. The important feature is the combining of the varying degrees of turn, climb, and dive with the necessity for orientation and planning. As long as these are present in the type given, its accuracy to any detailed description is unimportant. 

CHANDELLES
The chandelle is another valuable training maneuver of the composite type, requiring a higher degree of coordination of control touch and speed sensing for its perfect execution. 
There are really two types of chandelles : one, the simple type, during which the bank is increased during execution ; and the second, the advanced type, during which the bank is actually held constant until recovery is started, but seems to increase. This latter type is really an "Immelman turn" in an oblique plane, and the former, an exaggerated 180° climbing turn. 
Both are developments of the "wing-over" which has been widely used in flying training. The really important reason for this development was the manner in which recovery was made from a "wing-over." During this, recovery was made by nosing down and success depended on the degree of stall still present when efforts were made to resume straight and level flight. It also allowed the student to "fall" out of the maneuver and depend on the sacrifice of altitude for recovery. 
This had very little value as compared with the chandelle which requires the airplane to be "flown" out of the maneuver. In addition, it introduced a bad factor for training by permitting the airplane to be used in a flying maneuver during which all control was lost, to be regained independent of the efforts of the student. This too often caused a tendency in the student to feel secure at reduced speeds and developed a feeling that altitude would take care of the situation. 
The simple chandelle, as stated before, is an exaggerated 180° change of direction. At this point recovery is started, the climb