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176      U.S. Civil Aeronautics Authority

5. Recover fully as the 180° point is reached.

From these steps the student can readily grasp the idea of starting all components together, increasing their degree in the proper ratio to reach maximum of performance through the remaining 90° of turn.

The instructor must judge where the student's difficulties are being experienced by the manner in which performance is demonstrated. If it is apparent that they are the result of attempts at combining the different components, or of lack of understanding of them, further explanations or exaggerated demonstrations will be necessary. However, if they are not distinctly these, they will probably be the results of errors in the execution of the components themselves. The only course then is to return to the components and the fundamentals until the errors are eliminated.

As with all other maneuvers, too much time should not be spent on chandelles in any one period, for they are even more likely than other maneuvers to induce fatigue and a sense of defeat if trouble is being experienced.

In the advanced type, the execution is slightly different. All change of direction is accomplished with the elevators and by the flight path being on a bias to the vertical plane.

In steps, the execution is as follows:

1. Dive to gain excess speed.

2. Bank not to exceed 25° but hold the flight path straight with the rudder. That is, the airplane will be diving straight with one wing low. The airplane must be held straight by use of the slight opposite rudder.

3. Gradually pull the stick straight back and coordinate the power.

4. Watch the apparent bank and when it reaches the vertical recover as is necessary to hold it there until the 90° point of the change of direction is reached. The climb must be increased progressively until its maximum also occurs at this 90° point.

5. Continue the backward pressure on the elevators and start recovery from the bank, timing recovery as in the simple chandelle. In the execution of this maneuver, all turning is done with the elevators. The bank merely determines the amount of the bias from the vertical plane the flight path will take. If recovery were delayed until the full 180° change of direction had been accomplished, this maneuver would be merely a half loop and a half slow roll, done in an oblique plane. In other words an Immelman [[Immelmann]] turn on the oblique. The start of the recovery at the 90° point of the turn is the only difference.

This requires the addition of independent control use to the student's technique, since heretofore all controls have been used with normal coordination.

The usual errors common to both types are as follows:

1. Concentration on the nose of the airplane to the exclusion of any mental picture of its attitude relative to the requirements of the maneuver.

2. Too steep an initial bank, which results in the maneuver being nothing but a steep turn with the nose a little high. (In the simple