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FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR'S MANUAL 177

type this same result is achieved through banking too rapidly for the amount of climb being applied, or in the advanced type, by not holding the initial bank.)
3. Too shallow a bank in either type will result in so much speed being lost during the climb that the 180° change of direction cannot be accomplished. The same effect can be caused by too rapid application of the elevators.
4. Allowing the bank or the climb to increase too rapidly for the amount of the other, due to poor coordination of the elevator controls and power. 
5. Poor planning and failure to achieve the maximum at the 90° point.
6. Failure to reach the maximum climb, bank, or apparent bank before recovery is started.
7. Allowing the bank, or the apparent bank, to go past the vertical.
8.Too early or too much application of rudder during recovery. This causes slipping and stops the turn before the 180° change has been accomplished.
9. Failure to use all available speed and power. The ship should be almost stalled when recovery is complete.
10. Stalling the airplane and losing altitude during recovery.
11. Slipping or skidding. (Even in the advanced type no slip or skid will result from holding opposite rudder if the components are properly combined and coordinated into a smooth maneuver.) 
12. Roughness on the controls.
The chandelle and the lazy eight have much in common in their training value. The chandelle, however, goes a step further in requiring a greater degree of accuracy in execution and a further development of speed sensing. In the advanced type, independent use of the controls is added, which further develops control use analysis and ability to use the controls in any manner necessary to achieve the results desired, with perfect coordination and technique.

WING-OVERS

In spite of the development of the chandelle, wing-overs are still widely used for instruction purposes and are highly regarded by many instructors as an excellent means of building coordination, sped sensing, and orientation. There are probably as many different ideas of the manner of execution of wing-overs as there are pilots executing them. However, they are described by the Navy as follows:
A wing-over is a maneuver in which the airplane is put into a climbing turn until nearly stalled, at which point the nose is allowed to fall while continuing the turn, then returned to normal flight from the ensuing dive or glide in a direction approximately 180° from that at the start of the evolution. It embodies the principles of speed control and when properly executed no abrupt movements of the controls are necessary. It may be performed in either direction, right or left, and is usually done in a series alternating from one side to the other. It must be borne in mind that a single wing-over is a 180° turn and when the new position is reached, the airplane has transferred laterally to a new line of flight.