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192 U.S. CIVIL AERONAUTICS AUTHORITY

the nose drops below the horizon, the throttle is closed and recovery made in the same manner as from a loop. 
The controls are used in the same manner as for the full slow roll, the ailerons causing the rotation about the longitudinal axis while the elevators and the rudder are used alternately, to prevent turning and to maintain the proper position of the nose. 
The most common errors of students are attempts to perform these maneuvers in a series of steps. This cannot be done. All controls must be perfectly blended as their use is indicated if slipping and skidding are to be avoided and a smooth maneuver result. This must be accompanied by proper use of the throttle.
The most frequent faults are:

1. Poor coordination and timing usually the result of faulty or late analysis of the proper control and amount of control necessary to meet the immediate needs as the maneuver progresses. 
2. Poor orientation, due to the concentration on the nose or on some particular phase of the maneuver. 
3. Attempts to "rush the controls" or force action either too rapidly or beyond the performance possible to obtain. 

As with all other maneuvers, these should be practiced both right and left. They will prove to be one of the most valuable training maneuvers in developing a high degree of orientation and the ability to analyze requirements and determine the amount of control to use in unusual positions to attain the desired action. By such means, an extraordinary development of coordination is attained, if accurate, precise execution is demanded of the student. 

VERTICAL REVERSEMENTS OR CARTWHEELS

The vertical reversement or cartwheel is a variation of the half snap-roll. It may be performed in exactly the same manner except for starting and recovery position, but usually it is not. Ordinarily it will be more controlled throughout, with the change of attitude not quite to the same degree, since it is started from a steep bank, almost a vertical, and ends in a steep bank in the opposite direction. 
This maneuver is essentially a training maneuver and, in common with all such maneuvers, it teaches control touch, efforts required to accomplish a desired reaction, proper timing of such efforts, and utilization of speed. It is especially well adapted for these purposes with advanced students, who may be catalogued in two general classes: The over-zealous and the over-cautious. Much time is spent by instructors in trying to get both types to perform at the desired happy medium. The vertical reversement is of considerable assistance in doing this, since it penalizes both types and requires average ability and technique. 
While it is true that the over-cautious student will rarely get into trouble, unless this tendency is carried to extremes, it is not the desirable attitude of the competent pilot. 
The overzealous student, no matter how skillful, will sooner or later blunder into trouble through overconfidence or lack of experience and judgment. This makes his zeal an even more undesirable trait, which should be eliminated and replaced by the proper attitude.