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198       U.S. CIVIL AERONAUTICS AUTHORITY

with the rudder action in controlling the position and movement of the nose.

The ailerons are used in such a manner as to obtain maximum response throughout the maneuver. This does not imply full use at the beginning. The pressure exerted on them must be coordinated with the response of the airplane and the loss of speed to insure a constant and maximum rate of rotation.

These rolls should be practiced both right and left, as with all other maneuvers. It will be found that most airplanes will roll more easily to the left, however. This is due both to the effects of torque and because the control movements in the roll to the left are more natural to the student.

As in all acrobatic maneuvers, the safety belt must be securely fastened and adjusted to a tight fit. This is even of more importance during a slow roll, due to the length of time the student is in an inverted position. If the belt does not hold him firmly against the seat, apprehension may develop and control movements will become erratic. No student, or pilot, can demonstrate proper coordination while "hanging" on the belt.

This maneuver is one that cannot be taken apart and performed in steps to any practical advantage, since the airplane will flounder all over the sky during such a process, and this will only add to any confusion, or misunderstanding, the student may have.

The more common faults in the execution of this maneuver are: 

1. Failure to select a definite axis at the start on which to orient the roll.

If this is not done, memory is forced to play too large a part to insure accuracy of execution. It is very easy to become confused even when the axis point is used.

Its use also focuses the attention on the nose in its relation to it and forms the basis for determination of the action of the controls necessary to maintain the proper position. This increases the efforts at control use analysis and decreases distractions caused by concern for safety.

2. Diving to obtain excess speed.

Unless the airplane is very under-powered the maneuver can, and should be performed from normal high speed in level flight with full throttle.

3. Leaning away from the bank at the start.

This has the same effect on the control use and analysis of the requirements for their use as with a beginner on banking instruction. Such a tendency may also denote extreme apprehensiveness, either permanent or temporary.

4. Improper pressures, or relaxing of pressure, on the ailerons. This fault causes attempts to rush the ailerons, which result in decreased efficiency of the airplane and improper coordination of other controls.

Relaxing pressure on the ailerons will also prevent proper performance. This usually occurs at the last stage of the maneuver when the elevators are being returned to neutral. The tempo of the roll should not change at any time during its execution. Therefore, the ailerons are the last control to be relaxed.

5. Relaxing forward pressure on the elevators.