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FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR'S MANUAL      199

This usually occurs when completely inverted and is usually the result of apprehension or a loose safety belt. When this occurs the ailerons are usually allowed to relax as well, stopping the roll. Considerable altitude will be lost, and the student's position is actually less secure, as a result of giving away to "self preservation" instincts, than if the proper trained action were maintained.

6. Violent or abrupt use of the rudder.

The rudder is often used in attempts to force rotation, rather than to maintain altitude and the position of the nose. This causes slips and skids which further reduce speed and the effectiveness of the ailerons and, as a consequence, the roll is ruined. Too little use of the rudder is far better than too much, since the rudder use is distinctly secondary or even third in importance. The common tendency is to use the rudder in one direction, then suddenly change it to the opposite direction and back again, during the various phases of the roll, all without regard to the attitude of the airplane. Smooth, gradual change in the pressures, timed and executed in accordance with the requirements of the changing attitude of the airplane, will produce a smooth, comfortable maneuver.

THE IMMELMAN [[IMMELMANN]] TURN

Students who have become proficient in the execution of the advanced chandelle, loop and slow roll, will have no difficulty with the Immelman [[Immelmann]] turn. This maneuver is a combination of the first half of a loop and the last half of a slow roll.

To execute, a little more initial speed is required and a little more must be retained at the top of the loop, to insure the rolling-out process being accomplished without loss of altitude.

Care must be taken not to start the roll too soon, that is, before the inverted position is reached, or an inverted spin may result, particularly if the airplane has arrived at this position with a minimum of speed.

At the instant the airplane is ready to start its downward path at the top of the loop, the stick is pushed forward just enough to hold the nose in this position and aileron is applied in the direction in which the roll is desired in the proper amount and manner to insure the maximum rolling moment being obtained. The rudder is used in the same manner as in the last half of a slow roll.

There is another method of executing this roll at the top of the loop, in which the stick is pushed full forward and full rudder applied in the direction in which the roll is desired. This results in what is really the last half of an "outside" snap roll. This increases the danger of inverted spinning, but, when properly executed, results in a very showy, precise maneuver. Ailerons are sometimes used during this form.

Another maneuver, sometimes called an Immelman [[Immelmann]] turn, is made by snapping the stick straight back sharply at the top of a loop and applying full rudder in the direction in which it is desired to roll. This makes the maneuver a combination of the first half of a loop and the last half of a normal snap roll. This is not considered as a "true" Immelman [[Immelmann]] and is a maneuver many students will more or