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possibility of sudden incapacitation; since 1959, that concept has become fully operational, through the processes of collective bargaining and government action. This was not only not the case in 1959; it did not then even appear to be a prospect for the foreseeable future.

13. A suddenly incapacitated crewman will not today impair the safe and effective operation of the flight by the remaining, functioning crew members. FAA aircraft certification requirements contemplate that the aircraft will be fully and safely operable even when one member of the certificated crew is not functioning. Moreover, procedures now in effect as well as current flight deck design and technology strongly suggest that interference by an incapacitated crew member with the operation of the aircraft is today all but impossible.

14. Finally, with the advent of jet aircraft in the post-1959 period, several material regulatory changes have occurred. FAA has, in the period since 1959, imposed upon the airlines measures for the standardization and control of initial and recurrent pilot training programs,