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Goldman              12

miner, and the ranch hand on the left, and César Chávez with a Filipino farmworker on the right of the mural.
[[underline]]MINING[[/underline]]
The cast concrete sculpture, [[underline]]The Arizona Miner[[/underline]], executed in 1935 by R. Phillips Sanderson for the Federal Relief Administration and placed near the Cochise County Courthouse in Bisbee, Arizona, is a "rather regal barechested worker"[[superscript]]25[[/superscript]] in a rhetorical mode that contrasts sharply with the realities of Bisbee - a major copper-mining area dominated by the Phelps Dodge Corporation, headed (as the Phelps Dodge Mercantile Company) in the early 20th century by Walter Douglas, son of the developer of Bisbee's Copper Queen mine. In 1917, Phelps Dodge, using vigilantes (headed by the Local Sheriff), deportations, and other notorius extra-legal measures, broke the organizing drives of the Industrial Workers of the World in Bisbee and Jerome.
Even earlier, Phelps Dodge had broken successful organizing efforts of the Western Federation of Miners in Arizona which had, as early as 1902-1903, made substantial gains in bringing Mexican Americans into existing unions.[[superscript]]26[[/superscript]]  By 1907, union-busting techniques eliminated the Bisbee local.

Nor did Phelps Dodge restrict its anti-union activities to Arizona. During the 1906 Cananea miners' strike in Sonora, Mexico, Walter Douglas personally armed the Arizona Rangers who, in a cavalier manner, crossed the international border to help break the strike at a U.S.-owned mine. Mexican miners were exploited on both sides of the border by affiliated companies. Ironically, Sanderson's [[underline]]Arizona Miner[[/underline]] was sprayed with molten copper through a process then available at the nearby Phelps Dodge facilities. The company apparently had no objection to this somewhat harmless image appearing in front of the courthouse that had been the scene of so many union-busting activities. The proud, cleancut miner carrying his tools belies the actual working conditions in the huge open pit and underground mines of Bisbee, and the men whose unionizing activities were met with violence.