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bill passed Congress and was signed into law by president Andrew Johnson, chartering the church in 1867, the same year Howard University was founded. Henry R. Searle, Jr of Rochester, New York, was the architect for the church and the University, hired by General Howard. The church was located on the northeast corner of 10th and G Streets, N.W. Built in 1866, it was razed in 1959.

18 Thurlow E. Tibbs Jr., Six Washington Artists (Washington, D.C.: Evans-Tibbs Collection, 1983) exhibition catalogue, p. 14. Evans was the grandfather to the late Thurlow Tibbs, art dealer and entrepreneur in Washington, D.C.

19 Armstrong Technical High School (Armstrong Manual Training School) was built 1901-02, was one of two segregated manual training schools by architect Waddy B. Wood. An excellent example of renaissance Revival style municipal architecture (selected through design competition), it is three stories, buff brick and limestone, dominated by a central pavilion with two ornate sculptural entrances and colonnade of brick piers; shop and gymnasium addition built in 1912; attic and three-story annex, stripped classical style, in yellow brick and limestone, built 1924-27. It was designated as an historic site by the National Registry August 16, 1996 (District of Columbia Inventory of Historic Sites, December, 1996 UPDATE) 1. Armstrong became an adult education center in the 1960s. It officially closed its doors on Monday, June 17, 1996.

20 Munro, 193.

21 Interview with John Maurice Thomas, 1530 15th Street, N.W., Washington, D.C., 3 June 1997.

22 Social settlement and community centers began with the founding of Toynbee Hall in London in 1884. The first one organized in the United States was the Neighborhood Guild on the Lower East Side of New York in 1886. By 1889, Hull House was established in Chicago, and in the same year, College Settlement in New York City. They spread across the United States and eventually to other countries - particularly in western Europe, Southeast Asia, and Japan. For a detailed discussion, see Encyclopedia Britannica Macropedia, volume 14, p. 929, and volume 16, p. 937.

23. William Loren Katz, Eyewitness, The Negro in America History (New York: Pitman Publishing Corporation, 1968) 167.

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