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FREEDOMWAYS THIRD QUARTER 1969

considerably more exposition than the author has seen fit to present. 

In view of these faults, Miss Hunter's effort is primarily redeemed by the enormous need, in the juvenile field, for any treatment of the subject matter. 

Jean Carey Bond

PIONEERS IN AFRICA - AFRO-AMERICAN UNITY
SEARCH FOR A PLACE: BLACK SEPARTISM AND AFRICA, 1860.
By Martin R. Delany and Robert Campbell, with a new Introduction by Howard H. Bell. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor. 250 pages. $4.95. 

The publication of this volume is welcome on two counts. It makes easily available primary materials in an area of Black History - the links and interactions between Africa and Afro-America - which until recently was greatly neglected; it is also a reminder that throughout their history at least a significant minority of Afro-Americans, including some of their most able and militant leaders, have sought to establish an identity of interests and goals and Africa. Two such leaders were Dr. Martin R. Delany and Robert Campbell, the authors of two books, both published in 1861, which comprise Search for a Place. Delany's book is entitled The Official Report of the Niger Valley Exploring Party and Campbell's, A Pilgrimage to my Motherland. Both books were the result of their two-man expedition to Western Nigeria in 1859/60 in search of a site for Black American repatriation and the building of a vital, modern African society. Professor Howard H. Bell provides a useful 22-page introduction to this volume. 

The efforts of Delany and Campbell were the climax in the 1850's of plans to promote pan-Negro solidarity and nation-building. In this decade other schemes were drawn up by such stalwart militant leaders as James. T. Holly, James M. Whitfield and Henry Highland Garnet for the revitalization of Haiti and the establishment of progressive black nations in the Caribbean, South and Central America and Africa. These plans were, of course, very largely a reaction to the intensified customary and legal discrimination against free blacks, and growing despair over the possibility of defeating the thriving institution of slavery. Delany was one of the leading advocates of pan-Negro solution to the serious plight faced by black Americans. A Harvard-trained physician, former abolitionist editor and associate of Frederick Douglass, Delany, a man of intense race pride, was mainly instrumental in convening three biennial (1854, 1856, 1858) national Conferences on black American emigration. It was the third of these Conferences 

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