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INDIANS AND MEXICAN AMERICANS         KAISER

Convention of the Communist Party, U.S.A. Party Affairs, V. 3, No. 13, June 30, 1969, pp. 15-25. (From the Mexican War of the 1840s, when the U.S. took 970,000 square miles, to today, the more than eight million Mexican-Americans of the Southwest [New Mexico, Texas and California], who are a part of the nation of more than 300 million people extending from California to the Argentine, have resisted and struggled for their conquered land and liberation. Today the struggle in the Chicano community is for self-determination and Chicano nationhood, for the Spanish language, for Chicano studies programs on college campuses, for support of the farm workers movement, for better jobs in the cities where 70% of the Chicanos now live, for independent Chicano political power, community control of education, ties with Latin America and for publishing a Marxist periodical on the Chicano revolutionary movements.)

Davidson, David M. "Negro Slave Control and Resistance in Colonial Mexico, 1519-1650)", The Hispanic American Historical Review, V. XLVI, No. 3, Aug. 1966, pp. 235-253.

King, James Ferguson. "Negro History in Continental Spanish America," Journal of Negro History, V. XXIX, Jan. 1944, pp. 7-23.

Lawrence, Harold G. "African Explorers of the New World," Crisis, June-July 1962. (This is a carefully researched and documented article by a black historian. Lawrence says with J.A. Rogers that Africans reached South America as early as the year 500 A.D. long before Leif Ericson about 1000 A.D. or Columbus in 1492. But the Indians discovered America over 20,000 years ago.)

Love, Edgar F. "Negro Resistance to Spanish Rule in Colonial Mexico," Journal of Negro History, V. LII, April 1967, pp. 89-103.

Nava, Julian. "Who Is the Chicano?" Integrated Education, V. 7, No. 4, July-Aug. 1969, pp. 31-33. (The Chicanos are Mexican-Americans who are mestizos [Indian and Spanish], mulattoes and zambos [Indian and Negro], wholly Spanish, Indians and Negroes. Julian Nava is professor of history at San Fernando Valley State College, Northridge, Calif.)

"The Negro on the Spanish-American Main Land." A special number of The Hispanic American Historical Review, V. XXIV, No. 3, Aug. 1944. (Contents include three articles on the slave trade, one on the Negro in Mexico and a bibliography.)

Penalosa, Fernando and McDonagh, Edward C. "Education, Economic Status and Social Class Awareness of Mexican-Americans," Phylon, V. 29, 2nd quarter, Summer 1968, pp. 119-126.

Pi-Sunyer, Oriol. "Historical Background to the Negro in Mexico," Journal of Negro History, V. XLII, Oct. 1957, pp.237-246.

Varela, M. E. "Chicanos Confront Presbyterians," Liberation News Service, No. 167, May 29, 1969, pp. 9-10. (The Presbyterian national meeting in San Antonio, Texas, May 16-21, 1969, was confronted by militant blacks, Chicanos and Puerto Ricans who made specific demands for church support for their programs for self-determination.)

"We Were Here Centuries Before Europeans, But Now: We're Only Americans on the Battlefield," Muhammad Speaks, Nov. 21, 1969, p.21. (Southwest-side rally in San Jose, Calif, of Mexican-Americas to fight U.S. racism.)

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Do not split words across pages. I have made a complete word to start this page. ---------- Reopened for Editing 2024-02-14 23:17:18