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[[underlined]] Chapter VI. [[underlined]]                104.
                              
were merely deep pits, filled in with rammed earth after the burial.  These pits were usually rectangular though sometimes cruciform in plan, considerably smaller in extent than the [[underlined]] fang chung [[/underlined]] of the Han period, and unmarked by anything in the shape of a grave-mound.  The addition of the latter feature appears, as we have also seen (page 41), not to have become the practice until at least the beginning of the Chou Dynasty.
     Flanking the Yang Ling on all four sides at a distance of 130 yards were pairs of long low barrows ([[underlined]] cf. [[/underlined]] plan, [[strikethrough]] pl. LI, [[/strikethrough]] ^[[fig. 20,]] no. 3).  These, now considerably worn down, were said to have been the graves of loyal retainers who had followed their imperial master in death. [[superscript]] (79) [[/superscript]]
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    [[superscript]] (79) [[/superscript]] Sacrifices of captives of war in connection with agrarian fertility rites seem to have been very common during the Shang period.  The Chous, as a people with a pastoral tradition (see, [[underlined]] e.g. [[/underlined]], the [[underlined]] Shih chi [[/underlined]], chapt. 4, earlier part, [[underlined]] passim [[/underlined]], on the former cultural affiliation of the Chous with the Jung 戎 and the Ti 狄), appear not to have maintained this practice after their conquest of the Shang kingdom.  Under the Chou kings and their successors the emperors of China, however, [[strikethrough]] ther [[/strikethrough]] there was long kept up a custom of (quasi-voluntary) "following in death" at the [[strikethrough]] ed [[/strikethrough]] [[overwritten]] ed [[/overwritten]] ^[[de]]mise of an important personage.
     These two quite different types of human sacrifice are to be distinguished carefully from each^[[|]]other for the radical difference in the ideology underlying them.
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     We also inspected the tumulus of Han Hui Ti [[superscript]] (80) [[/superscript]] and that of Han Kao-tzŭ, the founder of the Han House, and found them generally speaking closely similar in both size and plan to that of Ching Ti; hence their detailed description here [[strikethrough]] w [[/strikethrough]] ^[[s]]eems unnecessary. 
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   [[superscript]] (80) [[/superscript]] One account ascribes to the tumulus of Han Hui Ti a height of 32 [[underlined]] chang [[/underlined]] ([[underlined]] i.e. [[/underlined]], 320 Chinese feet); but this is certainly an error, as we could easily see for ourselves.
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[[underlined]] Ancient Chinese Imperial Mausolea. [/underlined]]
     After the fall of a Chinese dynasty, its tombs were looted of their treasures, the buildings about them (see below) were robbed of