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[[underline]] Chapter XII. [[/underline]] 257.
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[[superscript]] (230) [[/superscript]] See, [[underline]] e.g.[[/underline]], the [[underline]] Tso chuan [[/underline]], I, ix, 6 (713 B.C.).  In this passage the Jung are described specifically as footmen ([[underline]] t'u [[/underline]] [[Chinese character]]).  A very few centuries later the occupants of the same area and adjoining regions (whether descendants of the Jung or not is uncertain) were known as the Tung Hu [[2 Chinese characters]] or Eastern Hu; these seem to have had a typical "steppe nomad" culture which included the practice of fighting on horseback, with the bow and arrow.
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  In later times this passage-way has witnessed a succession o^[[f]] surgings to-and-fro, of military, political, and cultural invasions between the Chinese on the one hand, and on the other the Koreans, Manchus, Japanese, or whatever power had control at the time over southern Manchuria. Small wonder then, considering its strategical importance, that the great conqueror and unifier Ch'in Shih Huang Ti chose it, toward the end of the 3rd century B.C., for the location of the eastern end of his famous frontier rampart, known in all later ages as the "Long Wall", or as the "Great Wall". [[superscript]] (231) [[/superscript]]
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[[superscript]] (231) [[/superscript]] The usual Chinese name is the "Ten Thousand Li Wall"---a quite pardonable exaggeration.
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  The present structure, notwithstanding the assertions of professional guides who perhaps themselves know no better, was of course built as late as the 16th century A.D., under the Ming Dynasty, and follows the frontier as it was then---not that of Ch'in Shih Huang Ti's time, nearly 2000 years earlier. Topographical considerations, however, render it nearly certain that for some distance west of Shan Hai Kuan it must follow pretty closely, if it does not actually coincide with, the line taken by the original and much older wall---the one built at the behest of the great First Emperor.  [[superscript]] (232) [[/superscript]]
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[[superscript]] (232) [[/superscript]] History tells of still earlier frontier walls in northern China, built to protect the borders of sundry feudal states; but the one by Ch'in Shih Huang dates from the penultimate decade of the 3rd century B.C.  It was not of burnt brick, like the existing structure, but of rammed earth, reinforced in places, apparently, with fascines.  Few if any identifiable traces of it now remain.
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Transcription Notes:
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