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[[underlined]] Chapter XI. [[/underlined]]    2^[[21]].

around Ta T'ung. Chao was one of the three succession-states into which the once powerful powerful Chinese "feudal" state of Chin [[Chinese character]] had been divided in the year 403 before our Era. It was strongly influenced by the type of culture then existing in the non-Chinese regions immediately north and northwest of it. [[superscript]] (201) [[/superscript]]  For instance, one of its 
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[[superscript]] (201) [[/superscript]] Chavannes ([[underlined]] Méms. hist. [[/underlined]], vol. V, appendix ii, pages 484 [[underlined]] sq. [[/underlined]]) believed that the people of Chao were themselves Turkic in origin.
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kings, Wu-ling Wang 武靈王, around the close of the 4th century B.C., introduced the use of the (doubtless compound) bow on horseback into its armies, which until then had found it difficult to cope with the nimble horse-archer forces of its steppe neighbors. [[superscript]] (202) [[/superscript]] This action
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[[superscript]] (202) [[/superscript]] On the compound bow see page 124 and note 111.
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on King Wu-ling's part marked an important turning-point in the history of Chinese warfare, and deserves more attention than has yet been paid to it.
     A curious "prophecy" recorded by Ssŭ-ma Ch'ien concerning this same ruler, [[superscript]] (203) [[/superscript]] to the effect that he would extend the limits of Chao "as far as the various tribes of the Mo [[Chinese character]] (also written [[Chinese character]])", was of decided interest from our point of view. For what little we know
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[[superscript]] (203) [[/superscript]] [[underlined]] Shih chi [[/underlined]], chapt. xliii, fol. 11-a; passage tsl. by Chavannes, [[underlined]] op. cit. [[/underlined]], vol. V, page 47.
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of the Mo suggests that as late as the second half of the 1st millennium B.C. they still retained a type of culture similar to that possessed long before by the [[arrow indicating insertion]] [[circled]] Neolithic [[/circled]] northern [[strikethrough]] ^[[^]] [[/strikethrough]] Chinese themselves. 
    The Mo appear to have lived in what were later extreme northern China and southern [[strikethrough]] Mongolian [[/strikethrough]] Manchuria. [[superscript]] (204) [[/superscript]] We are told that they grew no other cereals than millet, were without fenced towns or regular houses, and

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