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[[underline]] Chapter XVIII. [[/underline]] 383.

    At none of the habitation-levels that Mr. Tung and his helpers excavated did they find evidence of defensive works, such as ramparts of earth or post-holes left by stockades.  Conceivably groups of pit-dwellings may have been surrounded by piles of jujube thorns like those which so often surmount the mud^[[|]]walls of the present peasant villages of northern China.  In general, however, considerations other than those of defense---such, for example, as proximity to springs or to arable ground---must have determined the positions of Chinese Neolithic villages.  There seems, indeed, to have been little organized warfare during the period; for in addition to the lack of provision for defense, none of the artifacts found associated with the culture of the "Painted Pottery" people, whether at Wa Cha Hsieh or elsewhere, can be identified with certainty as weapons intended primarily for war.
    We have early literary evidence that pit-dwellings like those just described continued long i^[[n]] use in northern China and adjacent regions. They seem in fact to have formed the habitations, perhaps of the Chinese peasantry, and certainly of certain "barbarian" ([[underline]] i.e. [[/underline]], non-Chinese) peoples like the Mo and the Ti (on these see pp. 221 [[underline]] sq. [[/underline]] and especially footnotes 205 and 207), until well down in the historical period.  Similar underground huts are mentioned as having been used in Japan and Korea until quite recent times; and in the remoter parts of northeastern Asia they still survive at the present day.
     Further, the older (seal) form of the character [[underline]] hsüeh [[/underline]][[Chinese character]] (see fig. [[strikethrough]] 000). ^[[32]] [[/strikethrough]] ^[[48),]] now meaning "den" or "cave", seems to show a vertical section of just such a pit-dwelling, with its domed and timbered roof.

[[underline]] Pottery. [[/underline]]
    Embedded in the soil of the site, especially in and about the pit-dwellings just discussed, the excavators found vast quantities of potsherds. These represented 2 distinct ceramic types, each in a wide vari[[-?]]

Transcription Notes:
Chinese character needed