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m. Sometimes the high postures are Bill-ups. Sometimes they are nothing more than ordinary "alert-looking" upright postures. Sometimes the low postures  are extreme Head-lowered Postures more often they are less exaggerated. In many cases, the downward component of Bowing is nothing more than a brief downward "flick" of the head and neck. The time spent in low and high phases is different in different Bowing performances, and may even vary within a single performance, presumably in accordance with the (relative) level of aggressiveness in the performing birds.

    Pivoting is composed of lateral movements. A pivoting bird looks from side, usually switching the whole head, and body together. This is much more irregular in form than Bowing, and probably is not ritualized [[underline]] per se. [[/underline]] It may be combined with, or alternated with, or performed quite apart from Bowing. It obviously is the result of conflicting tendencies to advance and retreat. Both Bowing and pivoting usually are accompanied by Wing-[[fl?]] and Tail-flicking movements and extreme Tail-fanning.

    The Bill-up Postures, Bowing and pivoting of Buff-throated Saltators are very reminiscent of [[underline]] Atlapetes [[/underline]] and other bush-finders, many of which perform similar (or even more exaggerated) patterns in similar circumstances.

    The Belly-ruffling of Buff-throated Saltators is a raising of all the feathers of the lower breast and belly. They usually or always are raised in such a way that their tips are conspicuously separated from one another. A moderate degree of Belly-ruffling usually accompanies Bill-up Postures (see figure ____). The most extreme Belly-ruffling observed was performed by an exhausted and defensive individual which had been chased and attacked, repeatedly, by another individual over a period of a half hour or more. This was combined with [[?]]-raising, Lateral Fluffing, and (briefly]) Gaping (see fig ____). The whole combination of patterns was very reminiscent of the "Flu[[ffed]]

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