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172    THE COLORED AMERICAN MAGAZINE.

"There is music in all things,
If men had ears."

Music easily is demonstrated to be both a science and an art, and as such lends culture to personality, and rids the heart of depression.  He that is responsive to musical rhythm can be reached, elevated and ennobled.

Every nation has its special musical forms and these usually constitute part of its religious worship, man's highest expression of his civilization and progress.  The Egyptians used music as an important part of the temple service in the worship of Isis and Osiris.

The Jews, accompanied by cymbal and timbrel intoned to Jehovah the inspiring psalms of David; the Greeks, with lyre and harp, chanted hymns to the gods and with songs of the Illiad provoked loyalty, patriotism and zeal for Hellas.

In the days of chivalry, knights studied music for its elevating and purifying effects; and wherever and whenever we see the curtain of civilization rising in the dim ages of the past, there, music comes, hand in hand with progress.
 
An upward path leads from sculpture, architecture, painting and poetry, to music, perhaps, the greatest of the fine arts, since it appeals not to the material expression, but addresses itself primarily to the soul, through the sense of hearing.  Music, therefore, possesses intrinsic educational value, and becomes a most potent factor in refinement and culture.

Since this is true, why should not educators insist that music be taught in the public schools of the country, not so much as an accomplishment, but as a necessary, integral and legitimate part of education which the public schools should grant to the future citizens of a great Republic?

Songs, such as "America," "Columbia," "Star Spangled Banner," etc., teach patriotism, duty, heroism, just as truly to the American child, as did songs of the Illiad inspire the Greek boy; and many lessons of truth, purity and other essential virtues may be impressed through school music, as in no other way.

To the nervous child the hour for music comes as a soothing balm; to the tired worker, as a Heaven-sent tonic; to all, as a blessed recreation.

As an aid to graceful movements in physical culture, music is almost indispensable; as a help to the development of memory its uses were well developed by the teachers of former generations, who taught arithmetical tables, capitals of States, boundaries, ect., by means of musical jingles and rhymes.

Taking into consideration all of these facts, it is pleasing to note that with each year there seems to be a growing tendency on the part of American educators to realize the culture value of music and to give to it a definite place in the prescribed course of study.

THE POWER OF AN IDEAL
By Clarence J. Davis

The evolution of morality, or of a system of ethics, obeys the universal law of change and progress that ever rises with man's extended ideas of duty to himself, humanity as a whole, and the deity.  Hence under the name self-control in one's age, chastity in another, chivalry in still another, this law has evolved.

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THE COLORED AMERICAN MAGAZINE.  173

Always, to reach the standard prescribed, an ideal or highest conception of good, possible to the though of the age was necessary before any social reform could take place.  And thus, in the progress of human events, we find Confucius, Buddha, Christ, as the exponent or type of the ideal of the given age over which they or their principles dominated.  The experience of the centuries indicates moreover that human beings cannot be legislated into right conduct.

Constantine, for instance, could march the refractory Saxons to the banks of a stream, and give their option between baptism and the sword;  but the haughty ruler soon learned the inefficiency of the mere forms of Christianity when imposed in this wholesale and obligatory manner.  The world ever since has been learning that necessitated action is not moral action, and that there must be an inward spontaneous desire to reach an ideal before its principles can take firm hold upon the life of a people or of its individual members.

Neither the terrors of the law, the pangs of punishment or losses by fine will for any length of time restrain the criminality inclined from pursuing the forms of vice most pleasing in their sight.  It is only by the development of conscience, by culture of moral sense, by culture of imagination, along the lines of truth and purity, by education of the esthetic instincts, that we can hope to produce in individuals that desire for the good, the true, the beautiful, the result of which is the realization of a new and higher idea, and continually with the realization of one ideal should come the desire for a still higher and higher one, until the finite man is gradually absorbed in that infinity, which we call God.

Thus, it may be shown that ideas are based upon moral enthusiasm, though power of which in one's age is sufficient to spread that humanitarian feeling, which in the early Roman Empire broke up the agricultural bases of society in state and throughout the Roman world;  directed vast industries, introduced by Roman princes, and a universal system of trade and finance, managed by Roman capitalists.  In another age is released the serf, and broke up the social system which had rendered it necessary for the baron to support crowds of small owners or crofters upon the soil.  In still another it provoked the French revolution, which had its roots in a worn out system of national finance, and in our own time the power of an ideal has given an unparalleled government, of the people, by the people and for the people.

Thus, from age to age, the ideal, deferentiating with the progress and needs of the age, seeks and finds its apex;  produces its social martyrs;  its social reformers;  but, meanwhile, demonstrates that there is an ideal humanity toward which actual humanity gradually is tending.

EDUCATION AND CITIZENSHIP
By WILLIAM S. ANDERSON

Said Martin Luther on one occasion, "A city's prosperity does not consist alone in the accumulation of treasure, in strong walls, beautiful houses many weapons and equipments;  but its greatest wealth, its health and power, does