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FRANKLIN'S GULL CHICKS, July 22, 1955. General comments.

1. Attack.  Much like adults. Pecking. Wings sometimes raised.   Wings perhaps dropped more often then in adults.

2.  Escape.  Like adults. Simple retreat.

3.  Alert Postures.  Like adults.  Obviously unritualized.

4.  Panic defense.  Silent.  Gaping and pecking.  Gaping probably unritual but it does show pink inside of mouth.

5.  Qhistle comples.  Obviously the lowest intensity hostil call, and/or elatively the least aggressive.  The second stage of "greeting". Sometimes redirected upon sibling after fight.  Ususally accompanies food-begging.  Often follows Juvenile Long Call Notes or Juvenile Pumping Notes as they die down.

Occurs with a variety of postures and movements.  Perhaps most characteristic in Hunched. Also occurs in Low Obliques, (sometimes very difficult to tell from Hunched).  Also quite common with well-developed Bowing. Often occurs with Head-tossing, from Hunched or Low Oblique.  It then usually occurs during the upward movement.  It is sometimes combined with a Ruffle, apparently more frequent now than formerly. Very rare with Head-down Hunch.

Transitional notes between Whistles and Juvenile Long Call Notes or Juvenile Pumping Notes are by no means uncommon.

6.  Juvenile Long Call Notes complex.  Obviously higher intensity call than Whistle, less aggressive than Juvenile Pumping Note.  The initial "greeting" sound; not often associated with actual disputing.

In actual sound, this note is still very close to the high intensity Distress Call of very young chicks. Still quite different from adult Long Call Note.  Still definitely polysyllable, in typical form.

Perhaps most characteristics with Bowing.  Usually occurs on downbeat.  But not too rare on upbeat.  Usually only one note per beat,  Also occurs with Hunched and Low Oblique.  Less often with Head-dowb Hunched.  Sometimes, relatively rarely or very rarely, accomplanied by Ruffle. 

Often given by flying birds.  Often given by landing birds.  Often in series.

No trace of an organized Long Call as yet.

Juvenile Long Call Note may also be a "flying intention movement"; frequently given by young birds "exercising: their wings.

Juvenile Long Call Notes can intergrade with both Whistles and Juvenile Pumping Notes.

A particularly "broken-up" version of the Juvenile Long Call Note may be the forerunner of the adult Alarm Call.  Much less like the adult Alarrm Call, however, than the corresponding note of the juvenile Ring-bill.

7.  Juvenile Pumping Note complex.  Obviously the most aggressive call; probably usually very high intensity, perhaps highest intensity,  Occurs during all sorts of disputes, particularly territorial defense, usually just before attack.

This sound is very reminiscent of a adult Gakkering, Choking, and Copulation Calls.  Typical 
high intensity rhythms".  Obiously a rapid, hoarse, repeated version of the Juvenile Long Call Note.

Can be accompanied by various postures.

Most aggressive, semi-Upright or semi-Oblique, pre-attack, wings held out from the body or drooping, (but carpal joints usually held out less than the rest of the wing).  Sometimes accompanied by Ruffle, but apparently less frequentl now than before.  Tail markedl raised.

Most characteristic perhaps, with Head-down Hunched.  Wings held out and/or drooped.  Tail markedly raised.