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[[underlined]] Diglossa [[/underlined]], Aug. 7, 1959, IV. [[circled]] 11 [[/circled]] [[blue lines running down left margin of page]] much more widely when each WHAC is uttered (and partly closed again, just as suddenly, after a note). This time, [[male symbol]] II repeatedly attacked [[male symbol]] I Again & again. Actually jumping on II and pecking him vigorously. This was done right after vigorous WHAC & BU, and vigorous WHAC & BU was resumed right after the attack. It is possible, in fact, that the WHAC & BU were even continued [[underlined]] during [[/underlined]] the actual pecking!!!! The whole WHAC & BU complex must be very very aggressive indeed!!! [[male symbol]] I did not resist the attacks very vigorously. He eventually flew away to another bush (II did not follow). As soon as I got to the other bush, he began to sing loudly & vigorously! This would seem to almost prove that the song of this species is hostile. (I have also noted, in several other cases, involving other birds, that when 2 [[male symbol]]'s are close to one another, they seem to do an unusual amount of singing. And, of course, even when [[male symbol]]'s are far apart, they tend to answer each other's singing by singing of their own.) But song must be much less aggressive than WHAC & BU (or even WHAC alone - I imagine that WHAC alone is probably just lower intensity than WHAC & BU.) The short soft R's, such as uttered by [[male symbol]] II earlier this morning may be just as aggressive as any WHAC pattern; but probably much lower intensity. One thing I did notice during the fight was that II's WHAC's became conspicuously harsher than usual, almost rasping, during the very few seconds before he delivered an actual attack. When a [[male symbol]] is alarmed by my presence, he keeps his head feathers smoothed down very flat. [[image - drawing of bird with smooth head feathers]] When [[male symbol]] II sang after the flight, I noticed that he had his head feathers quite ruffled; but the rest