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THE MADAM C.J WALKER SCHOOLS

[[image - A CELL OF THE HUMAN BODY (Highly magnified)]]

PROTOPLASM is a general term for living substances.

CYTOPLASM is protoplasm minus the Nucleus or inner cells.

Cells differ in size, form, chemical composition and function.

There are several different classes of cells grouped as fat cells, bone cells, blood cells, lining cells, nerve cells and muscular cells.

Cells have two distinct functions: (a) to carry on the activities on which its own life depends and (b) by some special activity, assist in carrying on the special work of the tissue of which it forms a part. Generally, cells may be said to create and renew all parts of the body, assist circulation in carrying food to the blood and waste matter from the blood, and to direct all organs.

In order to live each cell must be able to carry on all the activities necessary to life as pointed out heretofore. These activities are termed METABOLISM. The changes which build up additional living material within the cell is called ANABOLISM; on the other hand, those changes which tend to break down or reduce the living material within the cell are known as CATABOLISM. The METABOLISM of a cell is simply the sum of the several changes that are taking place within the cell.

Bathed by the lymph and nourished by the blood, cells unite to form the tissue of the body.

TISSUES: Tissue is a group of similar cells, forming a distinct structure, and entering as such into the formation of an organ or organism.

There are many types of tissue, but because of the similarity of

TEXT BOOK OF BEAUTY CULTURE

structure and origin of many of them, all tissue may be grouped into four distinct classes:

1. CONNECTIVE TISSUE

2. MUSCULAR TISSUE

3. NERVE TISSUE

4. EPITHELIAL TISSUE

CONNECTIVE TISSUE serves to connect and support the other tissues of the body. It originates no action but is acted upon by the other tissues. Liquid, fibrous, cartilage, and bone are some types of connective tissue. It is widely distributed throughout the body and hold together all the other tissue in one way or another by ligaments, tendons, or sinews. Cartilage or fibrous tissue, sometimes called gristle, is a firm, tough, elastic covering found on the end of the bones, in the nostrils, ears, as a covering for the chest bone and between the ribs.

CARTILAGE does not contain nerves and rarely ever blood, but receives its nourishment from the Perichondrium, a fibrous membrane covering.

Cartilage is divided into three classes: true, white and yellow. True cartilage covers the ends of the bones, connects the ribs and forms the nose and ears. White cartilage joins the bones together as in the vertibrae [[vertebrae]] and other places requiring great strength. Yellow cartilage is found in the larynx, epiglottis and auditory ear.

The function of cartilage, it may be said is to absorb force, reduce friction, add strength and flexibility, and to preserve shape and rigidity.

MUSCULAR TISSUE is the bulk of lean meat attached to the skeleton which by its action brings about changes in the form and position of nearly all parts of the body. It constitutes from 40 to 50 per cent of the total weight of the body and possesses special characteristics which will be dealt with in the chapter on the muscular system.

NERVE TISSUE is the highest developed and most complex of all body tissue. It is an elongated, cord like structure made up of many tiny fibers having the power to transmit impulses to all parts of the body.

EPITHELIAL TISSUE is known as a boundary tissue because it is a skin or membrane covering the outer surface of the body and lining the internal parts of the body. Its chief function is protection, absorption and secretion.