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THE MADAM C. J. WALKER SCHOOLS

4. It carries waste products to the organs of elimination.
5. It aids in preserving the body temperature at a normal level -98.6 degrees Fahrenheit.
6. It aids in preserving the normal acidity of the tissues.
7. It aids in preserving the normal water content of the body.
8. It forms a defense against disease.

THE CLOTTING OF BLOOD

The property of clotting possessed by the blood of human beings is of very great importance. It is only in the cases where the tissues are wounded that blood shows this remarkable power. The absence of tissue extract and the presence of certain preventive substances in the blood prevents it clotting within the blood vessels. When blood clots certain substances of the blood are neutralized to form FIBRIN, and this plus the blood cells forms the clot, called THROMBUS. Occasionally a Thrombus or Blood clot may occur inside a blood vessel, but unless it is soon broken up and disappears, it may find its way to the brain or heart, block circulation and cause instant death. It usually takes about five minutes for the blood of human beings to clot. However in some individuals blood does not clot easily and in some others not at all. This condition is known as HEMOPHILIA and a person so affected is known as a HEMOPHILIAC. Only males suffer from this affliction.

CONDITIONS WHICH AID OR HINDER BLOOD CLOTTING

Clotting is aided by:

1. Injuring the walls of the blood vessels.
2. Putting sterile gauze or cotton into the wound.
3. Heat, about 116 degrees Fahrenheit; applying hot towels, etc.
4. Rest, so as to prevent breaking the clot.

Clotting is hindered by:
1. Contact with the smooth lining of blood vessels.
2. Cold applications. Except in cases of Hemorrhage, because cold aids the blood vessels to contact and reduces the flow of blood.
3. Lack of Calcium in the blood.
4. Adding neutralizing salts and ferments to the blood.

CLASSIFICATION OF BLOOD

Blood is classified according to its resistance to disease as:

1. BACTERICIDAL-Possessing the power to kill bacteria.

2. AGGLUTINATING-Possessing the power of clotting.

TEXT BOOK OF BEAUTY CULTURE

3. PHAGOCYTIC-Possessing the power to englobe and digest harmful bodies.

Human Blood is also classified as group I, II, III or IV, for the purpose of matching with the blood of other human beings for transfusion. This is known as TYPING. The blood of each human being then falls within one or the other of these numerical classifications because of its own peculiar characteristics.

CIRCULATION OF THE BLOOD

The blood flows from the VENA CAVA a large vein alongside and adjoining the right side of the heart, through semi-lunar valves into the right auricle; from the right auricle through the TRICUSPID VALVE into the right ventricle. After a fraction of a second pause the right ventricle contracts and the blood moves up to open semilunar valves into the pulmonary artery and on into the innumerable capillaries in the lungs to be purified. The capillaries unite to form veins, these veins form larger veins until finally two large pulmonary veins return the blood from each lung to the left auricle of the heart. The left auricle contracts and the blood is forced over the BICUSPID VALVE into the left ventricle. After another brief pause the left ventricle contracts and forces the blood over the semilunar valve into the AORTA, (the great artery) where it travels into the lesser arteries, and into the capillaries, to all parts of the body. After the blood has exhausted itself of nutrition for the cells and picked up their waste, it begins its journey back to the heart, through the capillaries, Veins and Venal Cava to the right auricle which completes the circuit. This is known as the GENERAL CIRCULATION of the blood, first demonstrated by William Harvey, a professor of medicine in London, England, in 1628.

THE SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION is the more extensive circulation and covers the course travelled by the pure blood, laden with oxygen and nutritive material from the left ventricle through the body and back to the right auricle of the heart.
THE PULMONARY circulation, the lesser circulation, is the course of impure blood from the right ventricle to the lungs and the left auricle of the heart.
It requires about 23 seconds for the blood to complete its circulation through the body, from 24 to 26 beats of the heart.

TERMS RELATING TO HEART ACTION

HEART BEAT-The coordinated contraction of the cardiac muscle forcing the blood from both Ventricles.