Viewing page 42 of 147

This transcription has been completed. Contact us with corrections.

THE MADAM C. J. WALKER SCHOOLS

TRACHEA-The windpipe.  Cartilage-membrane tube extending from the larynx to the bronchial tubes.

BRONCHIAL TUBES-The two large tubes joining the Trachea and lungs.  Similar in structure to the larynx.  Sensitive to inflammation.

LUNGS-Two cone-shaped, porous, spongy organs consisting of the ends of the bronchial tubes, numerous blood vessels, lymphatics, nerves and air cells (alveoli), all bound together by an abundance of fine, elastic connective tissue.  Located high up in the outer parts of the chest cavity and separated from each other by the heart, the lungs are each enclosed in a sac known as the Pleura.  The pleura has two layers of tissue which are kept moist by serum to prevent friction as the move against each other and the walls of the chest in respiration.  Lack of this serum causes inflammation known as Pleurisy.

THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM
We have see how the blood is constantly supplied with chemical substances it requires to maintain the normal functioning of the body.  These substances after entering the blood stream are carried to all the cells of the body and are constantly combining with the chemical substances composing these cells.  One of the results of these chemical combinations is that waste products are formed.  These waste products must be removed from the body, as many of them are poisonous.  The series of organs that function in the elImination of the waste of the body are known as the EXCRETORY SYSTEM.

ORGANS OF THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM
1.  Lungs
2.  Kidneys (urinary system)
3.  Alimentary Canal
4.  Skin

The lungs as have been noted, eliminate carbon-dioxide from the body.

THE KIDNEYS of which there are two, are bean-shaped tubular glands about four and a half inches long, two to three inches wide and one inch thick, weighing about four and a half ounces each.  They are located, one on each side of the spinal column behind the abdominal cavity and are held in place by fibrous connecting tissue.  The kidneys extract almost all the protein waste, the greater part of the salts, and about half the excess water not needed by the blood and send them out of the body in the form of

82

TEXT BOOK OF BEAUTY CULTURE

Urine, through tubes to the Bladder and Urethra.  Blood, immediately after leaving the kidneys is said to be the purest in the body because the wastes and poisons have just been removed.

THE ALIMENTARY CANAL is the continuous tube from the mouth to the external opening of the body known as the anus.  It is about 30 feet long and comprises the mouth, pharynx, esophagus or gullet, stomach, the small and large intestines.  The greater part of the alimentary canal is coiled up in the cavity of the abdomen and is known as the intestines, and aside from it function of eliminating waste solids and secretions from the body, functions as the chief organ of digestion.

The SKIN eliminates about 16 ounces of salt water from the body every twenty-four hours.  In chemical content this water, perspiration or sweat, is similar to that thrown off by the Kidneys and is therefore an important waste to be given up by the body.

THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Foods which are eaten cannot be absorbed directly by the cells of the body and thus repair and nourish them.  It must first be changed physically and chemically into soluble substances which the blood can take up and carry to and spread among all the body cells.  The process of changing food into these necessary substances is called Digestion.  The organs which effect this change are known as the Digestive System.

ORGANS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

                     {Mouth
                     {Pharynx
                     {Esophagus
The Alimentary Canal {Stomach
                     {Small Intestine
                     {Large Intestine                   
                      
                     {Tongue
                     {Teeth
Accessory Organs     {Salivary Glands
                     {Pancreas
                     {Liver and Gall Bladder

The Alimentary canal has been discussed in a general way.  Its subdivisions known as the stomach and intestines are most important parts of the digestive system, for it is in them that the chief processes of digestion take place.  The Pharynx has also been discussed.

THE ESOPHAGUS, 9/10 inch tube of a fibrous, muscular tissue,

83