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2. Long-term Observations- This element includes observations made periodically or continuously over three years or more, and is essentially the documentation of global change. It includes monitoring aimed at developing a long-term observational record of environmental parameters for research on decadal time scales.

Examples: Documentation of variations and changes in the atmosphere's concentration of trace gases; documentation of variations and changes in global atmospheric circulation; satellite measurements of ocean parameters.

Facilities supporting these observations are included along with the actual activities and costs of taking the measurements, developing the algorithms to analyze the data, and the reduction of the data.

3. Data Management- This category includes operational expenses for organizing, archiving, preserving, and making data available for global change research. This includes all activities related to global change data management beyond those short-term activities reported under the research activity.

4. Facilities- Some programs may include major investments in logistics or facilities (satellites, research vessels, super-computers, telecommunications hardware, etc.) that are essential to the success of a program.